Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from areca-nut shell (AS) by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (PA). Activated carbon was prepared in three batches using phosphoric acid of 50 gm, 100 gm, and 300 gm with varying impregnation ratios by weight of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, 4:1 each. Characterization of the prepared activated carbon was done by methylene blue number (MBN), iodine number (IN), acid adsorption test (AAT), and elemental composition. Activation was carried out at 400 oC. It was found that activated carbon derived from areca-nut shell shown improved results for methylene blue number (MBN), iodine number (IN), and acid adsorption test(AAT). Thermal analysis was carried out to know the weight loss and SEM was performed to know the morphology of AC.

Production of activated carbon fibers from fiber waste of pineapple leaf fiber production with phosphoric acid modification by non pre-carbonization activation and pre-carbonization activation processing were studied. The influences of step procedures, carbonization temperature (500 - 700 °C) and activation temperature (500 - 700 °C) on the resulting activated carbon fibers properties were evaluated. The non pre-carbonization activation is activation of fiber waste with H2PO4 of 1:1 ratio at 500-700 °C. For the pre-carbonization activation, it consisted of the carbonization of fiber waste at 500 °C followed by an activation step with H2PO4 of 1:1 ratio at 500 °C - 700 °C. The carbonized and activated products were characterized by SEM- EDS, FTIR, XRD and BET. It was found that percent yields of carbonization and activation products are decreased with increasing carbonization and activation temperature from 500 oC to 700 oC. Percent yield of the non pre-carbonization activated carbon and pre-carbonization activated carbon, which have high content of phosphorus 17.56 - 22.60 wt.%, are much higher than carbon from fiber waste (1.52 - 1.66 wt.%). The both activated carbons are oxygen- and phosphorus-containing groups on the sureface. After carbonization, the all samples are in form groove and streak ridge in parallel follow longitudinal of fibers with uneven and rough, and more broken and contracted after activation. The P, Si, K and Ca elements existed in activated carbon fiber. The best temperature in activation of fiber waste by both activation processes were 600 oC.

The present work aspire to explore a natural renewable green precursor for the synthesis of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using methyl esters of Brassica Juncea oil at 650 °C with a flow rate at 20 mL per hour of precursor on Fe-Co supported on silica under N2 atmosphere. The characterization of the as-grown carbonaceous was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopic analysis. We confirmed that well graphitized with uniform sized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were nicely grown over Fe-Co bi-metallic catalyst supported on silica at 650 °C.

Novel method to synthesize graphene-Fe3O4 nanocomposite is disclosed. Graphene functionalized with carboxylic group was added during the chemical synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by reduction of Fe(acac)3 using ascorbic acid to get graphene-Fe3O4 nanocomposite, wherein the monodisperse spherical nanoparticles of Fe3O4 of 10 nm diameter remains attached to graphene surface. Physico-chemical characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite is done using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy in order to understand different physico-chemical parameters and properties of the synthesized material.

Indigo, is blue of blue jeans, a synthetic dye used on large scale all over the world. Chemical production of the dye is taking a new route towards bacterial production to overcome the environmental effects that are posed by the synthetic blue powder (Indigo). In the present work a strain Pandoraea sp. isolated from the oil contaminated soil is found to produce blue pigment which is analyzed qualitatively as indigo using UV-visible scan and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The strain is used for indigo production at lab scale in two different bioreactor configurations first the fed batch mode and second continuous mode using two phases. The two phases consisting of medium carrying biomass and the second phase of silicone oil carrying substrate indole. The use of second phase allows higher concentration of substrate injection reducing the inhibition effects of the substrate as well as act as a partitioning agent for removal of the product. In two phase study, the maximum indigo produced was seen to be 0.068 g/L after 22 hours of substrate injection into the Fermentor in a fed batch mode. The maximum yield obtained in this configuration was 19%. For commercial production of bio-indigo a continuous operation is required, which was studied in a bioreactor with 2.5 liter capacity under the optimized conditions. The maximum indigo produced was found to be 0.052 g/L after about 72 hours of operation. The results showed decrease in the production of indigo in continuous mode as compared to fed batch operation, which may be due to the insufficient time available for the bacteria to bio-transform indole into indigo.

In the present study I have developed an eco-friendly mechanochemical solid state method with green chemistry approach for the synthesis of CdSnO3. The photocatalyst was characterized to carry out physicochemical characterization by various analytical techniques like, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Ultraviolet diffused reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. The synthesized CdSnO3 particles had an average size of 105 nm with band gap 3.17 eV. The surface area by BET isotherm method highlight for the synthesized photocatalyst (SBET) is 54.45 m2 /g, with pore volume (Vp) is 0.021 cc/g, and pore diameter (Dp) is 24.85 Aº. Photocatalytic activity of CdSnO3 was demonstrated by degradation of Indigo carmine dye under influence of sunlight in aqueous solution.

A drinking water filter rod was functionalized and formed from a starting mixture of lignite, zeolite, bentonite, and clay. The formation of the filter was studied focusing on the effects of zeolite dosage and sintering temperature in a reducing atmosphere. The sintered filters were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The physical and chemical properties of filters were measured. The results showed that the firing shrinkage, the total shrinkage and hardness increased with increasing sintering temperature. However, mass yield and fixed carbon decreased with increasing sintering temperature. The functional surface groups of the sintered filter exhibited a high content of aluminosilicates and carbon, which were derived from all starting materials. The macropores of sintered filter had dimensions of the channels between particles in the range of 0.2-2 µm.

Honeycomb cores in composite sandwich structures are economical and appropriate scheme to absorb impact in engineering applications. Hexagonal honeycomb that are conventionally being used displays greater Poisson’s ratio and are typically used for their light weight and higher axial stiffness. Auxetic honeycombs exhibit contradictory properties such as high in plane shear stiffness and shows negative Poisson’s ratio with lateral extension instead of contraction when axially stretched. The research reports suggests the need for greater research evolutions in the field of honeycomb composites structures still considered to be in its naïve state. This study involves analysis of the dynamic response of an aluminum composite panel with a honeycomb core constrained within two thin face subjected to impact with a rigid ball. Parametric analysis and finite element analysis are performed to investigate the governing factors, their interdependencies and the deformations occurring for various loads.